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Ceasefire The United States and the  Soviet Union  used significant diplomatic tools to prevent any further escalation in the conflict between the two South Asian nations. The Soviet Union, led by Premier  Alexei Kosygin , hosted ceasefire negotiations in  Tashkent  (now in  Uzbekistan ), where Indian Prime Minister  Lal Bahadur Shastri  and Pakistani President Ayub Khan signed the  Tashkent Agreement , agreeing to withdraw to pre-August lines no later than February 25, 1966. With declining stockpiles of ammunition, Pakistani leaders feared the war tilting in India's favor. Therefore, they quickly accepted the ceasefire in Tashkent. [ 66 ]  Despite strong opposition from Indian military leaders, India budged to growing international diplomatic pressure and accepted the ceasefire. [ 66 ]  On September 22, the  United Nations Security Council  unanimously passed a resolution that called for an unconditional ceasefire from bo...

Naval hostilities The navies of India and Pakistan did not play a prominent role in the war of 1965, although Pakistani accounts dispute this. [ 35 ]  On September 7, a  flotilla  of the  Pakistani Navy  carried out a small scale bombardment of the Indian coastal town and radar station of  Dwarka , which was 200 miles (300 km) south of the Pakistani port of  Karachi . Codenamed  Operation Dwarka , it did not fulfill its primary objective of disabling the radar station and there was no immediate retaliatory response from India. Later, some of the Indian fleet sailed from Bombay to Dwarka to patrol the area and deter further bombardment. Foreign authors have noted that the "insignificant bombardment" [ 36 ]  of the town was a "limited engagement, with no strategic value." [ 35 ] According to some Pakistani sources, one submarine,  PNS Ghazi , kept the  Indian Navy 's aircraft carrier  INS Vikrant  besieged in  Bomb...

Tank battles The 1965 war witnessed some of the largest tank battles since  World War II . At the beginning of the war, the Pakistani Army had both a numerical advantage in tanks, as well as better equipment overall. [28]  Pakistani armour was largely American-made; it consisted mainly of  Patton M-47  and M-48  tanks, but also included many  M4 Sherman  tanks, some  M24 Chaffee  light tanks and  M36 Jackson   tank destroyers , equipped with 90 mm guns. [29]  The bulk of India's tank fleet were older M4 Sherman  tanks; some were up-gunned with the French high velocity CN 75 50 guns and could hold their own, whilst some older models were still equipped with the inferior  75 mm M3 L/40 gun . Besides the M4 tanks, India fielded the British-made  Centurion Tank  Mk 7, with the 105 mm  Royal Ordnance L7  gun, and the  AMX-13 ,  PT-76 , and  M3 Stuart  light tanks. P...

Aerial warfare Main article:  Aerial warfare in 1965 India Pakistan War Further information:  Indian Air Force#Second Kashmir War 1965  and  Pakistan Air Force#Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 The war saw aircraft of the  Indian Air Force (IAF)  and the  Pakistan Air Force (PAF)  engaging in combat for the first time since independence. Though the two forces had previously faced off in the First Kashmir War  during the late 1940s, that engagement was very limited in scale compared to the 1965 conflict. The IAF was flying large numbers of  Hawker Hunter , Indian-manufactured  Folland Gnats ,  de Havilland Vampires ,  EE Canberra  bombers and a squadron of  MiG-21s . The PAF's  fighter  force comprised 102  F-86F Sabres  and 12  F-104 Starfighters , along with 24  B-57 Canberra   bombers . During the conflict the PAF was out-numbered by around 5:1. [ 19 ] The PAF's aircraft were largely...